Lupton argues that adult authority is similar to the model that operates in schools. However some sociologists see the Asian family as an obstacle to success, despite their high levels of achievement of some Asian minorities.
Khan describes Asian families as "stress ridden" bound with tradition and with a controlling attitude towards children, especially girls. Working class white pupils under achieve and have lower aspirations. This may be the lack of parental support. Compensatory education:. Head start, Sure start. Criticisms of Cultural deprivation:. Diver criticises cultural deprivation theory for ignoring positive aspects of ethnicity on achievement.
Black Caribbean families, far from being dysfunctional provides girls with positive role models of strong independent women. Driver argues this is why girls are more successful than boys. Keddie sees it as victim blaming. Mason puts it "discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain's citizensof minority ethnic origin". Rex shows hoe racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities.
Discrimination means that ethnic minorities are often forced into substandard accomodation than white people of the same class. In employment too, Noon sent identical letter of enquiry about future employment opportunities under the names "Evans" and "Patel".
In termns of helpfulness and replies, the companies were more encouraging towards the white "candidate". Black pupils: Gillborn found that teachers were quick to discipline black students because they saw them as a threat to their authority and safety. When teachers acted on this misconception pupils responded negatively and further conflict resulted. He concludes that much conflict between pupils and teachers stem from racial stereotypes. This may explain the higher level of exclusions from school of black boys.
Foster found that teachers's stereotypes of black pupils behaving badly coulsd result in them being placed in lower sets and lower sets mean lower levels of achievement. Asian pupils : Wright's study of a multi ethnic primary school shows that Asians can also be victims of teachers' labelling.
She found that despite their apparent commitment to equal opportunity they regarded British culture as more important. They assumed Asian pupils had a poor grasp of English and left them out of class discussions or used simplistic childish language with them. Mitsos and Browne - Girls are more successful in coursework because they are more organised and conscientious than boys. Barber - Teacher pupil interactions; girls feedback focuses on work over behaviour and vice versa for boys.
Mitsos and Browne - Decline in male manual work has led to a crisis of masculinity, lowering their self esteem and motivation. Francis - Boys have career aspirations that often require few formal qualifications. Epstein - Boys are more likely to be harassed, bullied and subject to homophobic verbal abuse for working hard in school.
Sewell - Boys are falling behind because education is feminised. Murphy and Elwood - Gender socialisation is the cause of differences in subject choice. Connell - Hegemonic masculinity leads to boys using name-calling to put down boys and girls who do not behave the ways they are expected to. Theory: Durkheim - Education allows for social solidarity and economic training. Parsons - Education is used for secondary socialisation and is meritocratic.
Davis and Moore - Educations purpose is role allocation. Althusser - Education acts as ideological state apparatus. Bowles and Gintis - Believe in the correspondence principle and claim that meritocracy is a myth. Policy: Chubb and Moe - Consumer choice. Ball - Myth of parentocracy. Bartlett - Marketisation leads to popular schools choosing higher ability students cream skimming and forces those from disadvantaged backgrounds into unpopular schools silt shifting. Gerwitz - The middle class have cultural and economic capital allowing them to choose better schools.
Ford - There is very little mixing of classes in comprehensive schools. Good luck in your studies everyone, happy revising!
Have more lone-parent families and less formal marriages compared to White adults. More likely to inter-marry with members of another ethnic group. Typically live in extended, multigenerational families. Push factors - Unemployment, recession. Pull factors - Higher wages, better opportunities.
Migration: Increases the UK population. Lowers the average age. Working age immigrants lower the dependency ratio. Leads to more family diversity. Asian families often have more children - This actually increases the dependency ratio.
Berthoud - African Caribbean women are more likely to be employed than African Caribbean men, which may explain why there are more lone-parent households. The women may see an unemployed father as a financial burden and choose to be a lone parent. Migration patterns have lead to greater cultural variety which has a positive impact on society. Migration patterns also lead to political debate which can cause tension in society, e. It has a negative effect on the dependency ratio there are less people of working age to support the non-working elderly economically.
The elderly are excluded from paid work, forcing them to be dependent on the state. Postmodernists believe the fixed, orderly stages of life are becoming more blurred - People have more choice over their lifestyle regardless of their age, e. Pilcher - Inequalities like class and gender are still important in old age, e. The increased dependency of the elderly has a negative impact on the NHS and pension system.
Jeremy Hunt - The biggest issues we face is the sustainability of the NHS and the sustainability of the pension system. Healthy life expectancy is not keeping pace with life expectancy - People are living longer but are spending more years in poor health. AO3: There are social class, regional and gender differences in life expectancy.
Walker - People living in poorer areas die an average of 7 years earlier than those living in richer areas. In there were 3. It is wrong to assume that all elderly people are economically dependent.
Phillipson Marxist - The elderly are of no use to a capitalist society as they are no longer productive. Hunt - We choose our lifestyle and identity regardless of our age. People who are in the working class typically earn less, will have a lower pension and therefore become more dependent on the state and their family.
The increase in the years spent in poor health means more people with chronic illnesses and dementia needing round-the-clock social care which is a financial burden. How did everyone find the AQA sociology exam today? Some of the most obvious differences of ethnic minority households compared to white households include:. Source here. Source: BBC News report , A previous UK National Statistics report showed that the highest proportions of married couples under pension age, with or without children, are in Asian households.
Demonstrating the importance of marriage for the Brit-Asian communities. According to this article there is a soaring British Asian divorce rate now that young Asian men and especially women are better educated and increasingly going into professional careers. There is also a dark-side to Asian family life, and that comes in the number of Forced Marriages associated with Asian communities. In the British authorities dealt with cases of Forced Marriage, with there being over cases a year for most of the last decade.
Nearly half of all cases involve victims being taken to or originating from Pakistan, with Bangladesh being the second most involved country. The fertility rate for UK born mothers is 1. The percentage of babies born to women from outside the UK has increased considerably over the last 20 years, but has recently leveled off and could now be declining. The fact that interracial relationships are increasing might make it more difficult to make generalisations between ethnic groups in the future…..
Overall almost one in 10 people living in Britain is married to or living with someone from outside their own ethnic group, the analysis from the Office for National Statistics shows. But the overall figure conceals wide variations. Only one in 25 white people have settled down with someone from outside their own racial background. By contrast 85 per cent of people from mixed-race families have themselves set up home with someone from another group.
Age is the crucial factor with those in their 20s and 30s more than twice as likely to be living with someone from another background as those over 65, reflecting a less rigid approach to identity over time.
Source: The Guardian , This is interesting: When will we stop blaming single black mother households. Please click here to return to the main ReviseSociology home page! This site uses Akismet to reduce spam.
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